Pullulan (Pullularia pullulans) a natural polymer - A review
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Int J Toxicol. 2016 Jul;35(1 Suppl):5S-49S. doi: 10.1177/1091581816651606.
Safety Assessment of Microbial Polysaccharide Gums as Used in Cosmetics
Fiume MM1, Heldreth B2, Bergfeld WF3, Belsito DV3, Hill RA3, Klaassen CD3, Liebler DC3, Marks JG Jr3, Shank RC3, Slaga TJ3, Snyder PW3, Andersen FA4.
Author information
1 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Scientific Analyst/Writer, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA.
2 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Chemist, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA.
3 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA.
4 Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA.
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel assessed the safety of 34 microbial polysaccharide gums for use in cosmetics, finding that these ingredients are safe in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentration. The microbial polysaccharide gums named in this report have a variety of reported functions in cosmetics, including emulsion stabilizer, film former, binder, viscosity-increasing agent, and skin-conditioning agent. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data in making its determination of safety.
© The Author(s) 2016.
KEYWORDS: cosmetics; microbial polysaccharide gums; safety
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Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015 Mar 19;6:34. doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0011-7.
Pullulan: a new cytoadhesive for cell-mediated cartilage repair
Bulman SE1,2, Coleman CM3, Murphy JM4, Medcalf N5, Ryan AE6, Barry F7.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION:
Local delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the acutely injured or osteoarthritic joint retards cartilage destruction. However, in the absence of assistive materials the efficiency of engraftment of MSCs to either intact or fibrillated cartilage is low and localization is further reduced by natural movement of the joint surfaces. It is hypothesised that enhanced engraftment of the delivered MSCs at the cartilage surface will increase their reparative effect and that the application of a bioadhesive to the degraded cartilage surface will provide improved cell retention. Pullulan is a structurally flexible, non-immunogenic exopolysaccharide with wet-stick adhesive properties and has previously been used for drug delivery via the wet surfaces of the buccal cavity. In this study, the adhesive character of pullulan was exploited to enhance MSC retention on the damaged cartilage surface.
METHODS:
MSCs labeled with PKH26 were applied to pullulan-coated osteoarthritic cartilage explants to measure cell retention. Cytocompatability was assessed by measuring the effects of prolonged exposure to the bioadhesive on MSC viability and proliferation. The surface phenotype of the cells was assessed by flow cytometry and their multipotent nature by measuring osteogenic, adipogenic and chrondrogenic differentiation. Experiments were also carried out to determine expression of the C-type lectin Dectin-2 receptor.
RESULTS:
MSCs maintained a stable phenotype following exposure to pullulan in terms of metabolic activity, proliferation, differentiation and surface antigen expression. An increase in osteogenic activity and Dectin-2 receptor expression was seen in MSCs treated with pullulan. Markedly enhanced retention of MSCs was observed in explant culture of osteoarthritic cartilage.
CONCLUSIONS:
Pullulan is a biocompatible and effective cytoadhesive material for tissue engraftment of MSCs. Prolonged exposure to pullulan has no negative impact on the phenotype, viability and differentiation potential of the cells. Pullulan dramatically improves the retention of MSCs at the fibrillated surface of osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Pullulan causes an upregulation in expression of the Dectin-2 C-type lectin transmembrane complex.
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